About 2.6M hierarchical phrase pairs extracted from the training corpus were used on the test set.

This improvement resulted from the mixture of hierarchical phrase pairs and tree-to-string rules.

To produce the result, the joint decoder made use of 8,114 hierarchical phrase pairs learned from training data, 6,800 glue rules connecting partial translations monotonically, and 16,554 tree-to-string rules.

Decoders that use rules with flat structures (e.g., phrase pairs ) usually generate target sentences from left to right while those using rules with hierarchical structures (e.g., SCFG rules) often run in a bottom-up style.

(2006) develop a bottom-up decoder for BTG (Wu, 1997) that uses only phrase pairs .

Hierarchical phrase pairs are used for translating smaller units and tree-to-string rules for bigger ones.

In this way, the intersected English phrases in the CE corpus and ES corpus becomes more, which enables the Chinese-Spanish translation model induced using the triangulation method to cover more phrase pairs .

(2003), there are two important elements in the lexical weight: word alignment information a in a phrase pair (5, f) and lexical translation probability w (s

Let a1 and a2 represent the word alignment information inside the phrase pairs (5,13) and (13, 2?)

It can also change the distribution of some phrase pairs and reinforce some phrase pairs relative to the test set.

We extracted phrase pairs from the training data to investigate how many phrase pairs can be captured by lexicalized tree-to-tree rules that contain only terminals.

We set the maximal length of phrase pairs to 10.

While this method works for l-best tree pairs, it cannot be applied to packed forest pairs because it is impractical to enumerate all tree pairs over a phrase pair .