Article Structure
Abstract
This paper discusses the construction of a parallel treebank currently involving ten languages from six language families.
Introduction
This paper discusses the construction of a parallel treebank currently involving ten languages that represent several different language families, including non-Indo-European.
Related Work
There have been several efforts in parallel treebanking across theories and annotation schemes.
ParGram and its Feature Space
The ParGram grammars use the LFG formalism which produces c(onstituent)-structures (trees) and f(unctional)-structures as the syntactic analysis.
Treebank Design and Construction
For the initial seeding of the treebank, we focused on 50 sentences which were constructed manually to cover a diverse range of phenomena (transitivity, voice alternations, interrogatives, embedded clauses, copula constructions, control/raising verbs, etc.).
Challenges for Parallelism
We detail some challenges in maintaining parallelism across typologically distinct languages.
Linguistically Motivated Alignment
The treebank is automatically aligned on the sentence level, the top level of alignment within ParGramBank.
Discussion and Future Work
We have discussed the construction of ParGramBank, a parallel treebank for ten typologically different languages.
Topics
treebank
- This paper discusses the construction of a parallel treebank currently involving ten languages from six language families.Page 1, “Abstract”
- The treebank is based on deep LFG (Lexical-Functional Grammar) grammars that were developed within the framework of the ParGram (Parallel Grammar) effort.Page 1, “Abstract”
- This output forms the basis of a parallel treebank covering a diverse set of phenomena.Page 1, “Abstract”
- The treebank is publicly available via the INESS treebanking environment, which also allows for the alignment of language pairs.Page 1, “Abstract”
- We thus present a unique, multilayered parallel treebank that represents more and different types of languages than are available in other treebanks , that representsPage 1, “Abstract”
- This paper discusses the construction of a parallel treebank currently involving ten languages that represent several different language families, including non-Indo-European.Page 1, “Introduction”
- The treebank is based on the output of individual deep LFG (Lexical-Functional Grammar) grammars that were developed independently at different sites but within the overall framework of ParGram (the Parallel Grammar project) (Butt et al., 1999a; Butt et al., 2002).Page 1, “Introduction”
- This output forms the basis of the ParGramBank parallel treebank discussed here.Page 2, “Introduction”
- An obvious application for parallel treebanking is machine translation, where treebank size is a deciding factor for whether a particular treebank can support a particular kind of research project.Page 2, “Introduction”
- The treebanking effort reported on in this paper supports work of the latter focus, including efforts at multilingual dependency parsing (Naseem et al., 2012).Page 2, “Introduction”
- 1Throughout this paper ‘treebank’ refers to both phrase-Page 2, “Introduction”
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word order
- In contrast, c-structures encode language particular differences in linear word order , surface morphological vs. syntactic structures, and constituency (Dalrymple, 2001).Page 3, “ParGram and its Feature Space”
- The left/upper c- and f-structures show the parse from the English ParGram grammar, the right/lower ones from Urdu ParGram grammar.4’5 The c-structures encode linear word order and constituency and thus look very different; e.g., the English structure is rather hierarchical while the Urdu structure is flat (Urdu is a free word-order language with no evidence for a VP; Butt (1995)).Page 4, “ParGram and its Feature Space”
- The representations offer information about dependency relations as well as word order , constituency and part-of-speech.Page 9, “Discussion and Future Work”
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