| Author Summary | The adaptive immune system fights pathogens through the activation of immune cell clones that specifically recognize a particular pathogen. |
| Discussion | The spatial regulation of cytokine signaling in the immune system has spurred much interest, particularly in relation to the specificity of cytokine action [4,9—12,22,23,26]. |
| Introduction | In particular, the release, sensing and uptake of cytokines, small signaling proteins, by cells is essential for the regulation of the mammalian immune system [1]. |
| Introduction | They have been observed between various cell types of the immune system , including immunological synapses between T cells and antigen presenting cells (APC, e.g. |