Discussion | We tested this by observing the real-time consumption of a limited budget relief from a series of 60 painful stimuli in the laboratory, over the course of approximately 15 minutes, in a group of participants whose intertemporal preferences for one-off future pains of the same nature had been elicited previously. |
Discussion | It is unclear whether such behavior is manifest in real-time , or indeed influences the kind of consumption choices demonstrated here. |
Introduction | Temporally inconsistent preferences theoretically compound the complexity of planning resource allocations in real-time , since they necessitate a dynamic model of the behavior of future selves [2, 30]. |
Introduction | However very few studies have directly examined resource allocation decisions in real-time , tested the extent to which these are consistent with discount functions derived from one-off choices, or indeed found a parsimonious description that accounts well for actual choices. |
Introduction | Thus we designed a task that involved allocating a limited budget in real-time in which we could examine the various forms of inconsistency and explore possible heuristics in a rather open-ended manner. |
Closed-loop stimulation to achieve accurate frequency-clamp | In short, an iterative estimate 13” of the cell’s instantaneous firing rate was updated online after each AP, detected in real-time (i.e., as a positive crossing of a voltage threshold), using the following formula: where T = 1s acts as the time scale over which the instantaneous firing rate is estimated, weighing each new AP and the previous firing history [21, 31]. |
Discussion | We specifically implemented a real-time system composed of a closed-loop controller of the cell instantaneous firing rate. |
Results | We therefore designed and implemented via software a real-time closed-loop control system (Fig. |
Whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology and pharmacology | (A) A real-time closed-loop in vitro setup for experimentally estimating the PRC at a fixed firing rate, based on a Proportional-lntegral-Derivative (PID) controller and on a reactive-clamp paradigm, was employed to rapidly and optimally explore the dependency of the PRC of PCs on the cell’s firing rate. |
Author Summary | We show that in such situations critical knowledge to assess the real-time risk of infection can be extracted from past temporal contact data. |
Introduction | Although such knowledge would be a critical requirement to conduct risk assessment analyses in real-time , which need to be based on the updated and accurate description of the contacts relevant to the outbreak under study [9] , it can hardly be obtained in reality. |
Risk assessment analysis | Data on livestock movements are routinely collected following European regulations [55] , however they may not be readily available in a real-time fashion upon an emergency, and a certain delay may thus be eXpected. |