Standard coreference resolution data sets annotate all noun phrases that have an antecedent noun phrase in the text.

Of course, full coreference-annotated data is a precious resource, with the pronoun it making up only a small portion of the marked-up noun phrases .

The goal of coreference resolution is to determine which noun phrases in a document refer to the same real-world entity.

As part of this task, coreference resolution systems must decide which pronouns refer to preceding noun phrases (called antecedents) and which do not.

that do not refer to preceding noun phrases are called non-anaphoric or non-referential pronouns.

We thus provide these same nine-token windows to our human subjects, and ask them to decide whether the pronouns refer to previous noun phrases or not, based on these contexts.

That is, aside from the constraint that verbal clauses require a clitic cluster (marking subject and object agreement and tense, aspect and mood) in second position, the word order is otherwise free, to the point that noun phrases can be noncontiguous, with head nouns and their modifiers separated by unrelated words.

To relate such discontinuous noun phrases to appropriate semantic representations where ‘having-

0 Word order: second position clitic cluster, otherwise free word order, discontinuous noun phrases

o Derived event modifiers: nominals (nouns, adjectives, noun phrases ) used as event modifiers with meaning dependent on their case marking

0 Coordination: of clauses and noun phrases

Take the example of translating noun phrases from English to Greek (or German, Czech, etc.).

However, Greek words in noun phrases are inflected based on their role in the sentence.

A purely lexical mapping of English noun phrases to Greek noun phrases suffers from the lack of information about its role in the sentence, making it hard to choose the right inflected forms.

Three tags are used for different types of noun phrases : pronominal NPs, non-pronominal NPs and prenominal genitives.

The model for noun phrases is based on the joint probability of the head type (either noun, adjective or proper name), the presence of a determiner and the presence of pre-and postnominal modifiers.

sentences, subordinate clauses, relative and interrogative clauses, noun phrases , prepositional phrases, adjective phrases and expressions of date and time.