The frontier nodes can be merged, lexicalized , or even deleted in the tree-to-string rule associated with 7’ , as long as the alignment for the nonterminals are book-kept in the derivations.

The NP tree in Figure 2 happens to be an “inside-out” style alignment, and context free grammar such as ITG (Wu, 1997) can not explain this structure well without necessary lexicalization .

With lexicalization , a Hiero style rule “de X Aly AlAnfjAr I—> to ignite X” is potentially a better alternative for translating the NP tree.

The transformations could be as simple as merging two adjacent nonterminals into one bracket to accommodate non-contiguity on the target side, or lexicalizing those words which have fork-style, many—to—many alignment, or unaligned content words to enable the rest of the span to be generalized into nonterminals.

It should be easier to model the swapping of (N OUN ADJ) using the tree (NP N OUN , ADJ) instead of the original bigger tree of (N P—SBJ Azmp, N OUN , ADJ) with one lexicalized node.

CCG is a lexicalized grammar formalism encoding for each word lexical categories that are either basic (eg.

Though we have focused on CCG in this work we expect these methods to be equally useful for other linguistically motivated but computationally complex formalisms such as lexicalized tree adjoining grammar.

(2010) and lexicalized CFG parsing by Rush et al.

The Google ngrams can be seen as a lexicalized idea space, embedded within a larger sea of noise.

Each creative query is a jumping off point in a space of lexicalized ideas that is implied by a large corpus, with each successive match leading the user deeper into the space.

While some techniques may suggest conventional metaphors that have become lexicalized in a language, they are unlikely to identify relatively novel expressions.