| Bow-tie architectures evolve when the goal is rank deficient | Product mutations were drawn from a Gaussian distribution with o = 0.1, element-wise mutation rate |
| Evolutionary simulation | Mutation values were drawn from a Gaussian distribution (unless otherwise stated). |
| Evolutionary simulation | (G + 86) H, where 8,- are independent noise realizations drawn from a Gaussian distribution N(1, o) with different values of o varying between 0.001 to 0.2. |
| Covariance estimation | For multivariate Gaussian distributions , zero partial correlations indicate conditional independence of the pair, implying a lack of direct interaction [40, 52]. |
| Simulation | We used these covariance matrices as the ground truth in multivariate Gaussian distributions with zero means and drew samples of various sizes. |
| an | Conveniently, the Ising model has equivalent mathematical form to the Gaussian distribution , but the Ising model is defined on the multivariate binary domain rather than the continuous domain. |