Our approach is to model single cells that are capable of growth and division, and grow them in in sil-ico cell cultures .

Shown are distributions of generation times (duration of one cell cycle) for fast growing cells (glucose) of the entire cell culture (all), daughters only (age 0), mothers of different ages (ages 1—6) and the sum of all mothers (mothers) for Model-1 (red medians) and Model-2 (blue medians).

Values of the entire cell culture (all) for Model-1 (red) and Model-2 (blue) are also indicated (median, mean and mean calculated for the log-transformed distributions).

Values of the entire cell culture (all) for Model-1 (red) and Model-2 (blue) are also indicated (median, mean and mean calculated for the log-transformed distributions).

To model entire asynchronously growing cell cultures , however, we developed an algorithm to simultaneously simulate a growing ensemble of the single cell models [32].

Simulation of cell cultures in different nutrients is implemented through the parameter growth, which is used to scale the biomass formation to control the nutrient availability of the system (Tables 1 and 2).

A striking observation emerging from these studies is the cell-cell variability in bacterial uptake: Isogenic host cells cultivated under the same conditions show differences in the number of bacteria that will invade.

Mammalian cell culture and infection

Induced and uninduced samples were cultured for additional 5 hours at 37°C, then RNA samples were isolated from the cell cultures using RNeasy Mini Kit (QIAGEN, cat.

We modified a previous cell culture protocol to measure bacterial uptake by HeLa human cervical cancer-derived cells [16].

However, it has been demonstrated that cyto-kine concentrations are not always well mixed, and locally higher cytokine concentrations can occur also in eX vivo T cell cultures [12].

ln-silico Th cell culture exhibits localized paracrine lL-2 signaling

Measured cytokine concentrations in serum or in supernatants of ex-vivo T cell cultures are typically in the picomolar range [2,3].

These findings were supported by experimental data from primary T cells cultured ex vivo [4].

The most prominent actin structures in cells cultured on flat surfaces are stress fibers (SFs), which have been further classified into different subclasses (Fig 1A) [5,6].

TFM is the most direct and convenient method because it requires only small changes to standard cell culture protocols.

(A) Schematics of a cell cultured on a soft elastic substrate with embedded fluorescent marker beads.

We thank Mrs. Barbe] Redlich for her excellent technical support and assistance in cell culture experiments as well as the Life Cell Imaging Center in Rostock, Sergei A. Kuznetsov and Dieter G. Weiss for their support in executing the wet-lab experiments.

Briefly, cells were cultured in laminin coated cell culture flasks and maintained at 37°C with 5% in media containing DMEM/ F12 supplemented with B27 media supplement, glutamine, heparin sodium salt and gentamycin (Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany).

Cells cultured on coverslips were incubated with 0.5mM fluorescent Cholera Toxin B-Subunit (CT-B, Alexa 594) for 10 minutes at 4°C.

Briefly cells cultured were washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and lysed in 29 sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sample buffer followed by subcellular fractionation.

On the other hand, the CSNAP approach identifies consensus “chemotypes” from diverse chemical structures, which likely inhibit common targets capable of inducing similar phenotypes in cell culture .

Determination of compound potency in cell culture , related to Fig.